The quest for a sustainable industry: mining, path dependency and post-carbon regime in the European Arctic

Abstract The goal of the European Union’s Green Deal industrial plan is to achieve an ecological transition over the next three decades. This transition includes the electrification of energy and transport systems. Achieving such a transformation requires access to critical raw materials for the technologies that will enable the post-carbon transition of European societies. In this context, the European Arctic (also referred to as the Barents region) is seen as a key asset that can contribute to the EU’s green plan, in particular due to its high potential for mineral resources. Since the 19th century, Europe’s northernmost regions have developed a long tradition of mining activities (e.g., Swedish iron ore, which has been mined by LKAB). Fennoscandia’s mineral potential opens up new prospects for the industry. However, fundamental challenges lie ahead, such as the impact of climate change, pollution management, and social acceptability. Although the Nordic countries have based the economic development of their northern regions on sustainable principles, the concept of sustainable mining and its operational implementation have their shortcomings, such as sustained land use conflicts with the Sámi people. In addition, the possibility of missing some key governance linkages may lead to new path dependencies due to a lack of a systemic vision. Once these issues are addressed, the Nordic mining industry could spearhead this defining process for Europe’s ecological transition.