Comparison of Apgar scores and cord blood gas parameters in fetuses with isolated congenital heart disease and healthy controls

Abstract Objective This retrospective study aimed to investigate how congenital heart disease (CHD) affects early neonatal outcomes by comparing Apgar scores and umbilical cord blood gas parameters between fetuses with structural cardiac anomalies and healthy controls. Additionally, within the CHD group, the study explored the relationship between these parameters and mortality within six months. Methods Data from 68 cases of prenatally diagnosed CHD were collected from electronic medical records, excluding cases with missing data or additional comorbidities. Only patients delivered by elective cesarean section, without any attempt at labor, were analyzed to avoid potential confounding factors. A control group of 147 healthy newborns was matched for delivery route, maternal age, and gestational week. Apgar scores at 1, 5, and 10 minutes, as well as umbilical cord blood pH, base deficit, and lactate levels, were recorded. Results Maternal age, gestational week at delivery, and birth weight were similar between the CHD and control groups. While Apgar score distribution was significantly lower at 1st, 5th, and 10th minutes in the CHD group, umbilical cord blood gas parameters did not show significant differences between groups. Within the CHD group, lower umbilical cord blood pH and larger base deficit were associated with mortality within six months. Conclusion Newborns with CHD exhibit lower Apgar scores compared to healthy controls, suggesting potential early neonatal challenges. Furthermore, umbilical cord blood pH and base deficit may serve as predictors of mortality within six months in CHD cases. Prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and integrate them into clinical practice, acknowledging the study's retrospective design and limitations.