What were the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of global land use carbon emission efficiency? A case study of the 136 countries

Nations worldwide must collaborate to tackle the challenge of improving carbon emission efficiency and optimizing land use effectively. This study extends the study area from provinces and cities, regional city clusters, and countries to 136 major countries in the world, and shows the differences between countries. The paper analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of land use carbon emission efficiency (LCEE) in these 136 countries from 2000 to 2019 using the super-efficiency slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis (Super-SBM DEA) model, global malmquist index, spatial autocorrelation measurement tools and Spatial Durbin model. It can help to promote low-carbon and green development while simultaneously improving the global LCEE. The findings indicate that: (1) Over the study period, there is a trend toward a decline in the LCEE worldwide. (2) The primary cause of the worldwide LCEE's declining trend during the study period is the reduction in technical efficiency. (3) The low-low cluster type accounts for more, while the high-high agglomeration type accounts for less and exhibits a sluggish growth pattern. On the whole, there is a phenomenon of non-aggregation and non-uniformity. It is necessary to increase the driving effect of high-high cluster radiation. (4) Economic development level, investment level, population size, public service level and environmental sustainability level all have a significant impact on LCEE, while industrial development level has no significant impact on LCEE. From a global perspective, the radiation driving role of countries with high LCEE should be increased. Improve the efficiency and technological level of land use emission in light of local conditions, and promote independent innovation in green and low-carbon technologies. This is conducive to the establishment of long-term low-carbon growth.