Implication of Negative GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/Rifampicin Results in Suspected Tuberculosis Patients: A Research Study

Objective: GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis / rifampicin (MTB/RIF) is a conceptually helpful tool for establishing tuberculosis (TB) disease. Negative results from the GeneXpert test do not exclude the possibility of diagnosing non-tuberculous mycobacteria lung disease (NTMLD) as a chronic pulmonary disease. When a patient is diagnosed on a clinical basis, and there is no bacteriological evidence of TB, it is necessary to consider NTM as one of the causes of disease with TB-like symptoms. The prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease is rising globally, but its diagnosis is still delayed and often misdiagnosed as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). This study highlights the implication of negative GeneXpert MTB/RIF results in suspected TB patients who conducted mycobacteria culture and detected the incidence of NTMLD. Methods: In this experimental study, the performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF-negative results with those of mycobacteria cultures and lung abnormalities among suspected TB patients in a referral hospital in Indonesia were evaluated. From January to August 2022, 100 sputum samples from suspected chronic pulmonary TB patients with GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay-negative results were cultured in Lowenstein–Jensen medium, and the implication among negative GeneXpert result MTB/RIF assay. Results: 7% were confirmed to have MTB and 1% had NTM by culture assay. Moreover, 34% were diagnosed with clinical TB and treated with anti-TB drugs. Conclusion: For patients with negative assay results of GeneXpert MTB/RIF regarding clinically suspected chronic TB infection, further diagnostic tests to determine the causative agents of the lung abnormalities should be carried out.