Optimization of Vertical Fixed-Bed Pyrolysis for Enhanced Biochar Production from Diverse Agricultural Residues

This study examines the pyrolysis of agricultural residues, namely, coconut shells, rice husks, and cattle manure, in a vertical fixed-bed reactor at varying temperatures from 300 to 800 degrees Celsius for biochar production. The research aimed to evaluate the potential of biochar as biofuels, adsorbents, and soil amendments. Proximate, ultimate, and elemental analyses were conducted to determine their composition and caloric values. Several analytical techniques were used in the physical and chemical characterization of the biochar (SEM, FTIR, BET). The results indicated that the highest SBET values were achieved under different conditions for each biochar: 89.58 m2/g for BC-CS-700, 202.39 m2/g for BC-RH-600, and 42.45 m2/g for BC-CD-800. Additionally, all three biochars exhibited the highest caloric values at 600 °C. The results showed that 600 °C is the general optimal temperature to produce biochar from an assortment of biomass materials, considering their use for a variety of purposes. BC-CS-800 had the highest elemental carbon content at 93%, accompanied by a relative decrease in oxygen content. The van Krevelen diagram of biochar products shows that biochars derived from coconut shells and rice husks are suitable for use as fuels. Furthermore, FTIR analysis revealed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface, enhancing their pollutant adsorption capabilities. This study provides valuable insights into the scalable and environmentally sustainable production of biochar, emphasizing its role in improving soil quality, increasing energy density, and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.