Beyond Fossil: The synthetic fuel surge for a green energy resurgence

Abstract This review offers a comprehensive overview of synthetic fuels as promising alternatives to conventional fossil fuels. The carbon-neutral potential of synthetic fuels when produced using renewable energy and captured CO2, offering significant opportunities to mitigate CO2 emissions, is discussed. Moreover, the efficiency of synthetic fuels is presented, as they do not require dedicated agricultural land or substantial water resources, addressing concerns related to the land-use change and water scarcity associated with traditional biofuels. The economic viability of synthetic fuels is explored, highlighting the advancements in technology and decreased renewable-energy costs, coupled with their independence from food crops, mitigating concerns about potential impacts on food prices. Major investments by industry leaders such as Porsche, Highly Innovative Fuels Global, and ExxonMobil, totalling 1 billion, aimed at achieving an annual production of 550 million litres by 2026, are covered in detail. This study is further extended by emphasizing the scalability of synthetic fuel production through modular processes, enabling tailored facilities to meet regional demands and contribute to a decentralized and resilient energy infrastructure. Additionally, the ‘drop-in’ nature of synthetic fuels that are seamlessly compatible with existing fuel storage, pipelines, and pumps, facilitating a smooth transition without requiring extensive infrastructure changes, is highlighted. Challenges such as the current high cost of synthetic fuel production are acknowledged, necessitating supportive government policies and incentives for widespread adoption. Overall, synthetic fuels have emerged as promising contenders in the pursuit of sustainable and adaptable energy solutions, with tangible benefits for the environment, economy, and existing energy infrastructure.