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Neutral zinc–iron flow batteries (ZIFBs) remain attractive due to features of low cost, abundant reserves, and mild operating medium. However, the ZIFBs based on Fe(CN)63–/Fe(CN)64– catholyte suffer from Zn2Fe(CN)6 precipitation due to the Zn2+ crossover from the anolyte. Even worse, the opposite charge properties of positive and negative active species enable a big contradiction in the design of a suitable membrane. Herein, sodium citrate (Cit) was introduced to coordinate with Zn2+, which effectively alleviated the crossover and precipitation issues. Meanwhile, the redox species exhibited considerable kinetics and reversibility with a good capability of hydrogen evolution inhibition. As a result, the assembled battery demonstrated a high energy efficiency of 89.5% at 40 mA cm–2 and operated for 400 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.8%. Even at 100 mA cm–2, the battery showed an energy efficiency of over 80%. This paper provides a possible solution toward a low-cost and sustainable grid energy storage.
Chen et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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