Higher early than late-season residue load of pesticides in honey bee bread in Slovakia

Abstract Bees are often exposed to pesticide residues during their foraging trips in agricultural landscapes. The analysis of in-hive stored pollen reflects the spectrum of visited plants and can be almost used to link the exposure to pesticides.In the current study, bee bread samples were collected in May and July from 17 sites located in southern Slovakia. Samples were analysed using a multi-residue pesticide analysis method for a broad spectrum of active substances and microscopic for pollen identification.Our results revealed a bee bread contamination with 19 different active substances, with fungicides being predominant. Sixteen of them are authorized in the EU, but chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and chloridazon are not. The highest concentrations for pendimethalin (1400 µg/kg), fluazifop-butyl (640 µg/kg), fenpropidin (520 µg/kg), fluopyram (130 µg/kg), and difenoconazole (95 µg/kg) were detected. The total residue load in bee bread sampled in the early season (May) was significantly higher than in the late season (July). The mean residue load of insecticides analysed in July comprised 46% of May’s load, which is alarming due to the importance of bee bread in the diet for winter-rearing bees. Moreover, results from both sampling periods showed that fungicides were positively associated with plant families Apiaceae and Papaveraceae and herbicides with Aceraceae, Salicaceae, and Brassica-type/Brassicaceae.Hence, bee bread can be considered a suitable matrix and a good bio-indicator reflecting honey bee exposure to pesticides over the season.