Determinants of preterm birth among reproductive age women in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey data-2019-2022

Introduction Preterm birth is the leading cause of both infant and neonatal mortality. It also had long-term consequences for the physical and neurological development of a growing child. The majority of these and related problems occur in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, due to resource scarcity to sustain the lives of premature babies. Despite this, there is a paucity of recent information on the pooled prevalence and factors associated with preterm birth in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to update the pooled prevalence and determinants of preterm birth in sub-Saharan Africa based on the most recent Demographic and Health Survey data. Methods A cross-sectional study design using the most recent demographic and health survey data from eight sub-Saharan African countries was used. We included a total weighted sample of 74,871 reproductive-aged women who gave birth in the five years preceding the survey. We used a multilevel logistic regression model to identify associated factors of preterm birth in sub-Saharan Africa. The adjusted odds ratio at 95% Cl was computed to assess the strength and significance of the association between explanatory and outcome variables. Factors with a p-value of <0.05 are declared statistically significant. Results In this study, the pooled prevalence of preterm birth among reproductive-aged women in eight sub-Saharan African countries was 3.11% (95% CI: 2.98–3.25). Working mothers (AOR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38–0.97), being married (AOR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40–0.99), and having media exposure (AOR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.36–0.96) decrease the odds of preterm birth. On the other hand, being low birth weight (AOR = 17.7; 95% CI: 10.7–29.3), having multiple pregnancies (AOR = 3.43; 95% CI: 1.82–6.45), having a history of terminated pregnancies (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.01–2.41), being un-educated (AOR = 3.16; 95% CI: 1.12–8.93), being of a maternal age above 35 (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.08–2.45), maternal alcohol use (AOR = 19.18; 95% CI: 13.6–38.8), and being in the low socio-economic status (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.11–3.07) of the community increase the odds of preterm birth. Conclusion The burden of preterm birth among reproductive-age women in sub-Saharan Africa showed improvements as compared to previous findings. To further lessen the burden, policymakers and other pertinent organizations must prioritize maternal health, expand media access, educate and empower women, and promote a healthy lifestyle for reproductive-age women.