Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles as Promising Antimicrobial Agents and Their Mode of Action

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria among pathogenic microorganisms poses a significant challenge and has prompted the exploration of alternative antibacterial agents. Nanoparticles, particularly metals, have gained attention as potential alternatives to traditional antimicrobials in recent years. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) possess strong antimicrobial properties, attracting considerable attention. This renders them favorable for utilization across various applications. Despite displaying promising antibacterial properties, the precise mode of action remains under investigation. This review integrates past reviews and recent research aimed to outline the mechanisms behind the antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs. Key areas of discussion encompass the synthesis of Ag NPs, especially the green synthesis, the correlation between Ag NPs and ions and the antimicrobial effect of Ag NPs. The interaction with vital cell parts like cell wall, cell membrane, DNA, and cellular enzymes also the generation of ROS, considering factors such as physicochemical properties of Ag NPs that influence their efficacy are also included. Furthermore, the review also addresses the potential development of resistance by pathogenic microbes. The potent antimicrobial properties of Ag NPs, making them valuable across diverse applications such as medical, pharmaceutical and consumer products. Future applications hold promise in nanomedicine, agriculture, food industry, and environmental protection fields.