Lysosome‐Targeting Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles for Tumor Specific Degradation of PD‐L1

Abstract Increased expression of immune check point genes, such as PD‐L1, is one of the main reasons for immunosuppression, especially for colon cancer. Development of novel therapeutic strategies is of great importance to improve the prognosis. In this study, outer membrane vesicles (OMV) derived from Gram‐negative bacteria are engineered to immune checkpoint blockade nanosystem for efficient elicitation of anti‐tumor immunity. Briefly, the OMVs are engineered with Lyp1‐Traptavidin (S52G, R53D mutant of streptavidin) fusion protein displayed on the surface. The Lyp‐1 endows the OMV with the capacity to target tumor tissues, while the Traptavidin ensures easy decoration of biotinylated anti‐PD‐L1 and biotinylated M6P (mannose 6‐phosphate). The simultaneously anchored anti‐PD‐L1 and M6P (ligand for cation‐independent mannose 6‐phosphate receptor) on the engineered OMVs coordinately direct the membrane PD‐L1 to lysosome for degradation, and thus unleash the anti‐tumor immunity. With syngeneic tumor model, the engineered OMVs are confirmed to boost immunity, inhibit cancer growth, and thus prolong survival. Together, A proposed OMV‐based modular nanosystem that enables assembly of biotinylated anti‐PD‐L1 and M6P on the surface for tumor‐targeted immune checkpoint blockade.