Out-of-Anatolia: cultural and genetic interactions during the Neolithic expansion in the Aegean

Abstract Western Anatolia has been a crucial yet elusive element in the Neolithic expansion from the Fertile Crescent to Europe. Using 30 new palaeogenomes from Anatolia c.8000-6000 BCE we describe the early Holocene genetic landscape of Western Anatolia, which reveals population continuity since the late Upper Pleistocene. Our findings indicate that the Neolithisation of Western Anatolia in the 7 th millennium BCE was a multifaceted process, characterised by the assimilation of Neolithic practices by indigenous groups and the influx of populations from the east, their admixed descendants eventually laying the foundations of Neolithic Southeast Europe. Intriguingly, the observed diversity in material culture among Aegean Early Neolithic communities correlates with their geographical distances but not their genetic differences, signifying a decoupling between cultural developments and genetic admixture processes.