Traditional knowledge surviving the new millennium: women's use of wild edible plant species in a Protected Natural Area.

Abstract Background Traditional knowledge on wild edible plants is at risk due to modernization and cultural erosion. Documenting this knowledge, especially in protected areas that overlap with biocultural hotspots, is important for biodiversity conservation, food security, and cultural heritage preservation. Our study aimed to document Tzotzil Mayan women's traditional use of wild edible plants within the Selva El Ocote Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico. By doing so, we intended to contribute to biodiversity conservation efforts, enhance food security, and safeguard cultural heritage. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 female heads of household in Emiliano Zapata, a community located in the Reserve's buffer zone. Information was gathered on the wild edible plant species used, plant parts consumed, preparation methods, and frequency of use. Plant samples were collected for identification. The data were analyzed to assess differences in species richness and diversity between the dry and rainy seasons and the influence of sociocultural factors such as education level and age on traditional knowledge. Results A total of 30 native plant species from 22 families were documented as wild edible plants, with leaves (40%) and fruits (33%) being the most commonly consumed parts. Species richness was greater in the dry season (22 species), while diversity was greater during the rainy season. Solanum americanum (nightshade) had the highest frequency of mention. Women with an elementary education reported knowing and using significantly more edible species than noneducated women. Older women exhibited a marginally greater frequency of use than younger women. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of traditional knowledge in identifying wild edible plant resources within protected areas. However, this knowledge faces threats from modernization and a decline in intergenerational transfer, as evidenced by the lower usage among younger women. Establishing policies that protect biodiversity hotspots, restore degraded areas, and recognize indigenous knowledge systems is crucial for the sustainable use of plant resources and maintaining biocultural diversity.