Fast Parameter Inference on Pulsar Timing Arrays with Normalizing Flows

Pulsar timing arrays perform Bayesian posterior inference with expensive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Given a dataset of ∼10-100 pulsars and O (10^3) timing residuals each, producing a posterior distribution for the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) can take days to a week. The computational bottleneck arises because the likelihood evaluation required for MCMC is extremely costly when considering the dimensionality of the search space. Fortunately, generating simulated data is fast, so modern simulation-based inference techniques can be brought to bear on the problem. In this Letter, we demonstrate how conditional normalizing flows trained on simulated data can be used for extremely fast and accurate estimation of the SGWB posteriors, reducing the sampling time from weeks to a matter of seconds.