Numerical predictions of underwater radiated noise from a non-cavitating model-scale propeller

Propeller-induced acoustic noise from marine vessels is the largest source of anthropogenic underwater radiated noise (URN) and a significant threat to marine ecosystems. Under typical operation, cavitation dominates the URN emissions. Cavitation, which is a pressure-driven phase-change process that results in the violent formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in the wake of the propeller, is often unavoidable during realistic, full-scale operating conditions. However, at a model scale, inducing cavitation requires a depressurized flow facility that makes acoustic measurements difficult due to confinement effects. Numerical simulation is, therefore, appealing as a tool for predicting URN, but the simulation of the cavitation phenomenon and the associated acoustics involves considerable uncertainty and a range of potential sources of error. In propeller operation, cavitation frequently occurs in the core of the vortices shed from the tips of propeller blades. In the present work, we developed a delayed detached-eddy simulation (DDES) of a model-scale ship with the focus on predicting fluctuating pressure due to shed vorticity. The solution is compared to hydrophone measurements from non-cavitating tow-tank experiments. Finally, we numerically introduce cavitation at model scale in the numerical solution and examine its effects.