Costs of presenteeism and absenteeism associated with psychological distress among male and female older workers: a cross-sectional study

Objective We estimated, for women and men (1) the associations between psychological distress and the prevalences of presenteeism and absenteeism, (2) average hours lost annually per person, and (3) costs from the employers' economic perspective. Methods Participants were 1292 Canadian white-collar workers. Psychological distress, presenteeism, and absenteeism were assessed with validated questionnaires. The average annual hours of productivity loss and related costs were estimated using generalized linear models with a negative binomial distribution and a log link. Results High psychological distress in women and men was associated with presenteeism costs (6944 and 8432) and absenteeism costs (2337 and 2796 per person). The association between psychological distress and annual hours lost to presenteeism was twice stronger for men than women. Conclusions Productivity losses associated with psychological distress are high in women and men older workers.