Contribution of meteoroids to the exosphere of Ganymede

The tenuous atmosphere of Ganymede was first suggested by 1, based on a stellar occultation observed from the ground. More than two decades later, Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer provided the first direct evidence of an atmosphere by detecting H Lyman-a emission line in the vicinity of Ganymede 2. In addition, Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (HST/GHRS) observed atomic oxygen through its emission lines at 130.4 and 135.6 nm 3. Both detections were later confirmed by HST Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS) observations 4. No other neutral species were detected in Ganymedes atmosphere despite several attempts with different instruments 5. The surface-bounded exosphere of Ganymede is expected to be mostly composed of H2O-related products (e.g. H2O, O2, H2, O, H and OH), as its composition directly reflects the composition of Ganymedes surface. It is constantly replenished by processes related to the interactions between Ganymedes environment and its surface.The in-situ observations of Ganymedes atmosphere are limited so most of our understanding is based on models. Most studies concentrate on solar irradiation (sublimation) and Jovian plasma irradiation (sputtering and radiolysis) and usually neglect meteoroids as a source for the neutral atmosphere 6-12. However, meteoroids directly impact the surface of airless bodies, producing impact debris and shaping the resulting exosphere. They release surface species into the exosphere by impact vaporization and ejection of dust grains. They also participate in the space weathering of the surface materials and their impacts contributions are important to understand the aging of the surface and the relationship between endogenous and exogenous sources of surface materials 13. Therefore, we now include the effects of meteoroid impact vaporization in the Exospheric Global Model (EGM), the 3D time-dependent Monte Carlo model previously applied to the description of Ganymedes atmosphere 7,9,11.Very few models describe the dust environment in the outer solar system. We use the interplanetary dust flux modeled by 14 at Jupiter and compare with the model at Ganymede from 15.Finally, the contribution of meteoroid impacts to Ganymede's exosphere is measured against other processes' contributions. This study aims to better constrain the balance between exogenic and endogenic alteration processes to understand the moon's surface history. It is essential in the context of the future missions to the Jovian system, ESAs JUICE, and NASAs Europa Clipper.References:1 Carlson et al., 19732 Barth et al., 19973Hall et al., 19984 Feldman et al., 20005 Brown et al., 19976 Marconi et al., 20077 Turc et al., 20148 Plainaki et al., 20159 Leblanc et al., 201710 Vorburger et al., 202211 Leblanc et al., 202312 Vorburger et al., 202413 Galli et al., 202114 Poppe et al., 201615 Miljkovic et al., 2012