Identification of Hypoxia‐ALCAMhigh Macrophage‐ Exhausted T Cell Axis in Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling for Immunotherapy Resistance

Although hypoxia is known to be associated with immune resistance, the adaptability to hypoxia by different cell populations in the tumor microenvironment and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This knowledge gap has hindered the development of therapeutic strategies to overcome tumor immune resistance induced by hypoxia. Here, bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics are integrated to characterize hypoxia associated with immune escape during carcinogenesis and reveal a hypoxia-based intercellular communication hub consisting of malignant cells, ALCAM