Machine learning based urban land cover classification using PolInSAR data: a study with ALOS-2 and RADARSAT-2 datasets

Abstract A substantial variation in the land cover dynamics has been observed as a consequence of increasing urban expansion. Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data is widely being used for land cover studies in urban areas due to its all-weather, day-and-night imaging capabilities. However, in densely built-up areas, challenge arises with buildings having large Azimuth Orientation Angles (AOAs). These buildings are often misclassified as vegetation due to the depolarization of radar signal causing volumetric scattering response from the structures. This study addresses this issue by proposing an approach that integrates polarimetric information with interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence to improve the differentiation between urban structures and vegetated areas, enhancing the accuracy of urban land-cover classification. Vegetated areas exhibit lower temporal coherence due to changes in the orientation of its leaves and branches caused by wind, seasonal variations, growth phenology, and other factors. In contrast, urban structures, being relatively stable targets, maintain high temporal coherence values. In present research various decomposition and scattering parameters were evaluated, along with PolInSAR coherence derived from L-band (ALOS-2) and C-band (RADARSAT-2), using two machine learning algorithms namely, Random Forest (RF) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The C-band RADARSAT-2 data, particularly with six-component decomposition parameters, performed better, achieving an overall accuracy as 85.85% using RF algorithm. To further improve classification results, optical datasets from Landsat constellation were fused with SAR parameters using Gram-Schmidt fusion technique. This fusion led to significant improvements, achieving an overall accuracy of 94.50% and kappa statistics of 0.92, when CNN algorithm was applied to the fused optical and C-band RADARSAT-2 dataset. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining PolInSAR and optical data for more accurate urban land-cover classification, particularly in complex urban environments.