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Urban beaches, oscillating between development and protection, are more frequently and strongly affected by human activities; therefore, comprehensive and detailed studies of the geomorphological evolution of urban beaches affected by coastal engineering are imperative. Based on 769 satellite images from 1986 to 2023, this study employed a transect-focused approach to investigate the historical shoreline change of Haikou Beach, an urban beach with three nearby offshore artificial islands. The satellite-derived mean water line positions have a temporal resolution of 41 days before 2014 and 9 days after 2018, with a random error of 4.9 m, ranking among the state-of-the-art in this field. This study revealed that the constructions of Pearl Island and Millennium Island as well as five beach nourishment projects mainly exerted a positive impact on the evolution of Haikou Beach. The beach in Pearl Island’s wave shadow area may form a tombolo in a hundred years. In the context of heightened coastal engineering development, leveraging the existing large and future larger archives of satellite imagery to analyze the complex changes of urban beaches helps mitigate the absence of field data, aiding in the development of targeted beach erosion protection and remediation strategies with scientific, engineering, and societal significance.
Hu et al. (Fri,) studied this question.