Structural phenotyping in atrial fibrillation with combined cardiac CT and atrial MRI: Identifying and differentiating individual structural remodelling types in AF

Abstract Introduction Atrial remodelling (AR) is the persistent change in atrial structure and/or function and contributes to the initiation, maintenance and progression of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a reciprocal self‐perpetuating relationship. Left atrial (LA) size, geometry, fibrosis, wall thickness (LAWT) and ejection fraction (LAEF) have all been shown to vary with pathological atrial remodelling. The association of these global remodelling markers with each other for differentiating structural phenotypes in AF is not well investigated. Method Patients referred for first‐time AF ablation and controls without AF were prospectively recruited to undergo cardiac computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with 3D atrial late‐gadolinium enhanced (LGE) sequences. LAWT, atrial myocardial mass, LA volume and sphericity were calculated from CT. Biplane LA EF and LA fibrosis burden were derived from atrial MRI. Results were compared between patients with AF and controls. Results Forty two AF patients (64.3% male, age 64.6 ± 10.2 years, CHA 2 DS 2 ‐VASc 2.48 ± 1.5, 69.0% paroxysmal AF, 31% persistent AF, LVEF 57.9 ± 10.5%) and 37 controls (64.9% male, age 56.6 ± 7.2, CHA 2 DS 2 ‐VASc 1.54 ± 1.1, LVEF 60.4 ± 4.9%) were recruited. Patients with AF had a significantly higher LAWT (1.45 ± 0.52 mm vs 1.12 ± 0.42 mm, p = 0.003), tissue mass (15.81 ± 6.53 g vs. 12.18 ± 5.01 g, p = 0.011), fibrosis burden (9.33 ± 8.35% vs 2.41 ± 3.60%, p = 0.013), left atrial size/volume (95.68 ± 26.63 mL vs 81.22 ± 20.64 mL, p = 0.011) and lower LAEF (50.3 ± 15.3% vs 65.2 ± 8.6%, p < 0.001) compared to controls. There was no significant correlation between % fibrosis with LAWT ( p = 0.29), mass ( p = 0.89), volume ( p = 0.49) or sphericity ( p = 0.79). LAWT had a statistically significant weak positive correlation with LA volume (r = 0.25, p = .041), but not with sphericity ( p = 0.86). LAEF had a statistically significant but weak negative correlation with fibrosis (r = −0.33, p = 0.008) and LAWT (r = −0.24, p = 0.07). Conclusion AF is associated with significant quantifiable structural changes that are evident in LA size, tissue thickness, total LA tissue mass and fibrosis. These individual remodelling markers do not or only weakly correlate with each other suggesting different remodelling subtypes exist (e.g. fibrotic vs hypertrophic vs dilated). If confirmed, such a detailed understanding of the structural changes observed has the potential to inform clinical management strategies targeting individual mechanisms underlying the disease process.