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Solar cells, with their ability to use solar energy, have the potential to tackle both the energy crisis and environmental damage in an energy-driven future. Photovoltaic technology is a promising option for environmental conservation and the elimination of fossil fuels, as existing energy sources contribute to pollution and the greenhouse effect. Solar technology, a renewable energy source, has helped to address environmental problems by developing efficient and improved solar cell designs. Large installation areas, expensive prices, and associated losses that result in lower operating efficiency preclude large-scale commercialization. Generations of breakthroughs in this subject have stemmed from researchers' hard work. Recent advancements in photovoltaic cells include multi-junction and intermediate energy levels in silicon's forbidden band, as well as advanced state-of-the-art solar cells such as quantum dots, perovskite, organic, dye-sensitized, nanotubes, and graphene-based photovoltaic cells. This study investigates the most recent innovations and manufacturing procedures, as well as the efficiency attained in several generations of photovoltaic cells. Although new types of solar cells have emerged, silicon cells continue to dominate the market and require further research to enhance efficiency.
Ram et al. (Fri,) studied this question.