Ground Source Heat Pumps in Buildings Revisited and Prospects

A large number of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems have been used in residential and commercial buildings throughout the world due to their attractive advantages of high energy and environmental performances. In particular, GSHPs constitute a proven renewable energy technology for space heating and cooling. This paper provides a detailed literature review of the primary aspects of GSHP systems. These include the technological characteristics of HPs and the main types and variations in GSHPs, along with their environmental impact. Other aspects addressed are the integration of GSHPs with other systems, as well as their optimal design and control and energy analysis. The important aspect of the system’s performance is also dealt with through case studies and also the barriers hindering the further adoption of GSHPs in buildings. Two important challenges for the adoption of GSHPs is their cost and environmental efficiency. Studies have shown that GSHPs can reach a >>24% lower environmental impact than air-source HPs, while today’s technology can allow for a payback period for installing a GSHP of <<5 years. Finally, based on the above review, the future challenges and prospects for the successful uptake of GSHPs is discussed. It seems that through the right steps, the wide adoption of GSHPs as an important form of ‘implemented’ renewable energy system can become a reality.