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Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to address persistent challenges like lack of transparency, inefficient tracking, and counterfeiting issues in pharmaceutical supply chains. However, there are still limitations in integrating blockchain with existing legacy systems, lack of common standards, scalability concerns due to its decentralized architecture, and lack of regulatory clarity that need to be addressed before successful implementation in the pharmaceutical industry is feasible. This review explores the potential benefits and current use cases of blockchain in enabling drug traceability, establishing authenticity and integrity of data, facilitating smart contracts for seamless financial transactions, and optimizing overall supply chain operations. The current blockchain-based solutions employed by various stakeholders like drug manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, retailers, hospitals, and regulators across the different stages of the pharmaceutical value chain are reviewed in this article. Recent research efforts to mitigate the key challenges are discussed, including technical improvements in blockchain architecture for increased security and privacy, the use of permissioned blockchains, innovative consensus protocols to improve scalability, and growing regulatory guidance. The future outlook highlights the tremendous opportunities for blockchain to enable end-to-end visibility, accountability, automation, real-time monitoring and combating counterfeiting in pharmaceutical supply chains through collaborative efforts among stakeholders.
Tiwari et al. (Tue,) studied this question.