Uprisings in Kazakhstan Against the Tsarist Government in 1916 and Soviet Policy in 1921-1922. Similarities and Differences (Based on the Materials of Akmola and Atbasar Districts)

Relevance. The study of Kazakhstan's national liberation movements in the early XX century, particularly the uprisings against tsarist rule in 1916 and Soviet rule in 1921-1922, is highly relevant for understanding the country's path to independence. Purpose. The research aimed to examine the causes, conditions, and driving forces behind these uprisings in the Akmola and Atbasar districts, as well as identify similarities and differences between them. Methodology. Materials from the archives of the Central State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Regional Museum of the Akmola Region, the Regional Museum of the Kostanay Region, the museums of the cities of Astana, Zhezkazgan, Kyzylorda, Arkalyk were used, including information that was used for the first time during the writing of the article. The historical-systemic, historical-comparative, chronological and observational methods were used; as well as historical, historical-social, and other research methods. Results. The study found that both uprisings were driven by oppressive policies, excessive taxation, and land seizures by the ruling powers. Local leaders emerged to organize resistance in both cases. The 1916 uprising was sparked by forced conscription, while the 1921-22 uprising responded to Soviet food requisition policies. Both were violently suppressed by authorities. Conclusions. The researchers conclude that these uprisings were important links in Kazakhstan's centuries-long struggle for independence. They argue for a reassessment of these events and their leaders in Kazakhstan's national history. Keywords: Kazakhstan history; Soviet Government; Tsarism; USSR