Cybersecurity Issues in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Analysis of Existing Bluetooth Vulnerabilities

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) hold immense promise for human benefits, enabling communication between the brain and computer-controlled devices. Despite their potential, BCIs face significant cybersecurity risks, particularly from Bluetooth vulnerabilities. This study investigates Bluetooth vulnerabilities in BCIs, analysing potential risks and proposing mitigation measures. Various Bluetooth attacks such as Bluebugging, Bluejacking, Bluesnarfing, BlueBorne, Location Tracking, Man-in-the-Middle Attack, KNOB, BLESA and Reflection Attack are explored, along with their potential consequences on commercial BCI systems. Each attack is examined in terms of its modus operandi and effective mitigation strategies.