Comprehensive Management of Acne Vulgaris: An Update on Therapeutic Approaches

Acne vulgaris is a widespread skin condition affecting up to 90% of adolescents, with 50% of cases persisting into adulthood. By age 40, around 1% of men and 5% of women still exhibit symptoms. This high prevalence results in over 3.5 million healthcare visits annually. The multifactorial pathogenesis of acne includes hormonal uctuations, increased sebum production, keratinization alterations, and Propionibacterium acnes proliferation. Key risk factors include hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, diet, stress, and skin care practices. Clinically, acne manifests as non-inammatory lesions (comedones) and inammatory lesions (papules, pustules, nodules). Diagnosis involves a thorough clinical evaluation, with severity guiding treatment. Management ranges from topical treatments for mild acne to systemic therapies for severe cases. Managing complications such as post-inammatory hyperpigmentation and scarring is crucial, utilizing topical agents, chemical peels, and laser treatments.