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This study examines the impact of sharding on the scalability and efficiency of blockchain systems, specifically in the development of a complex of intelligent information and communication systems for environmental monitoring of emissions into the environment for decision-making in the context of carbon neutrality. Utilizing the Ikarus Network infrastructure, sharding was implemented on masternodes as a key technology to optimize transaction processing. Sharding enables the blockchain to be divided into multiple parallel chains, significantly increasing throughput and reducing the load on individual nodes. The results demonstrate a 70% increase in transaction processing speed, allowing the system to handle up to 5000 transactions per second, compared to the previous 3000 transactions per second. Network throughput increased by 50%, ensuring more efficient load distribution and stable operation even with high data volumes. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed significant improvements in transaction processing speed, confirmation time, and resource usage post-sharding implementation. The F-value for transaction processing speed was 4567 with a P-value of 0.0001, indicating substantial improvements. Visual data analysis further confirmed these results, showing noticeable performance enhancements in the blockchain system. Distribution charts and histograms of transaction processing speed and confirmation time revealed an increase in the average number of transactions per second and greater system stability post-sharding. Sharding not only increased throughput but also enhanced system security by decentralizing data among shards, complicating potential cyberattacks. The study aimed to determine how sharding can improve the scalability and efficiency of blockchain systems. These improvements position the Ikarus Network as a promising solution for scalable and secure blockchain-based applications, especially for tasks related to carbon emission monitoring and management. These findings can underpin further study and the development of more efficient blockchain technologies.
Toxanov et al. (Sun,) studied this question.