Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Cerebrovascular Disease

IntroductionHigh cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been associated with a lower risk of depression, anxiety, and cerebrovascular disease. The aim was to explore CRF changes over-time associated with these outcomes.MethodsThis large-scale prospective cohort study, using data from Swedish population-wide registries and databases (during 1972–2020), included men (n=131,431), with measures of estimated CRF (estCRF) in late adolescence (maximal cycle test) and adulthood (submaximal cycle test) (mean years between 24.6, SD 8.8). The study explored how change in estCRF was associated with incident depression, anxiety, and cerebrovascular disease using Cox proportional hazards models. Analyses were performed in 2023.ResultsHigher estCRF in late adolescence and adulthood were associated with a lower risk of incident depression, anxiety, and cerebrovascular disease later in life. For all three outcomes, an increase in estCRF (mL/min/kg and z-score) between the two-time points was associated with a lower risk. Further, decreasing from moderate or high estCRF in adolescence to low estCRF in adulthood, compared to staying at a moderate or high level, was associated with a higher risk of depression and anxiety (HR: 1.24 95% CI 1.07–1.45 and 1.25 95% CI 1.06–1.49, respectively). Conversely, increasing from moderate to high estCRF was associated with a lower risk of incident anxiety (HR: 0.84 95% CI 0.71–0.99).ConclusionsThe findings indicate that there is a longitudinal association between negative change in estCRF and increased risk of depression, anxiety, and cerebrovascular disease later in life. Decreasing levels of estCRF could be a helpful indicator when identifying these disorders at a population level.