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Abstract Energy management controllers (EMCs) are pivotal for optimizing energy consumption and ensuring operational efficiency across diverse systems. This review paper delves into the various control strategies utilized by energy management controllers and explores their coordination mechanisms. Additionally, it examines the architectures of energy management controllers and their real-world implementations. The paper surveys a spectrum of EMCs, including conventional-based, rule-based, optimization-based, hybrid methods, and commercial software-based approaches, highlighting their respective advantages and drawbacks. It investigates how these controllers are coordinated within complex energy systems to achieve optimal performance and adaptability. Furthermore, the review outlines different architectures of energy management controllers, ranging from centralized to decentralized designs, discussing their suitability for various applications and their impact on system performance. Real-world applications of energy management controllers in sectors such as smart grids, buildings, industrial processes, and transportation systems are examined. Case studies and examples demonstrate the efficacy of different control strategies and architectures in addressing specific energy management challenges and achieving desired outcomes. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the current landscape of energy management controller design and implementation, offering direction for future research and development in the pursuit of energy optimization and sustainability.
Bakare et al. (Thu,) studied this question.