Useful variants and perturbations of completely entangled subspaces and spans of unextendible product bases

Finite-dimensional entanglement for pure states has been used extensively in quantum information theory. Depending on the tensor product structure, even a set of separable states can show non-intuitive characters. Two situations are well studied in the literature, namely, the unextendible product basis (UPB) by Bennett et al., 4 and completely entangled subspaces explicitly given by Parthasarathy. 22 More recently, Boyer et al., 6 Boyer and Mor 7 and Liss et al. 21 studied spaces which have only finitely many pure product states. We carry this further and consider the problem of perturbing different spaces, such as the orthogonal complement of an UPB and also Parthasarathy’s completely entangled spaces, by taking linear spans with specified product vectors. To this end, we develop methods and theory of variations and perturbations of the linear spans of certain UPBs, their orthogonal complements, and also Parthasarathy’s completely entangled subspaces. Finally, we give examples of perturbations with infinitely many pure product states.