Pregnancy outcomes and risk factors analysis in patients with systemic lupus erythematous

Abstract Background The management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during pregnancy remains a challenge currently. Identifying early predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in SLE patients can help to develop treatment plan and improve prognosis. The aim of this study is to explore the clinical and laboratory variables in the early pregnancy that can predict adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes, thereby facilitating the grading management of SLE. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 126 pregnant women with SLE who were admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University between January 2017 and December 2022. All enrolled patients were diagnosed (including newly diagnosed and previously diagnosed) during first trimester of pregnancy and their clinical records, laboratory results and pregnancy outcomes were reviewed. The association between the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients at 12 gestational age and the adverse neonatal (ANOs) as well as maternal outcomes (AMOs) were analyzed. Results A total of 117 live births (92.8%) were recorded in the study. ANOs occurred in 59 (46.8%) cases, including fetal loss in 9 cases (7.1%), preterm birth in 40 cases (31.7%), small for gestational (SGA) in 15 cases (11.9%), and complete heart block in 2 cases (1.5%). Univariate analysis showed that disease activity index ( P < 0.0001), lupus nephritis ( P = 0.0195), anti-SSB positivity ( P = 0.0074) and hypocomplementemia ( P = 0.0466) were related to ANOs. However, multivariate analysis showed that only disease activity during early pregnancy was an independent predictor for ANOs (OR = 7.053, 95% CI: 1.882 to 26.291, P = 0.004). In addition, 48 patients experienced AMOs during subsequent trimester, including 24 (19.0%) patients with disease flare and 23 (18.3%) patients with pre-eclampsia. Unplanned pregnancy ( P = 0.010), active disease ( P = 0.0004), new onset SLE ( P = 0.0044) and lupus nephritis ( P = 0.0009) were associated with AMOs in univariate analysis, while disease activity was identified as an independent risk factor for AMOs (OR = 2.553, 95% CI: 1.012–6.440, P = 0.047). Conclusion Active disease in early pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. For patients with high risk factor for ANOs and AMOs, more intensive treatment and follow-up should be a wise measure. Especially for those who suffer from active disease, they should be fully informed and given the option to terminate or continue their pregnancy.