Utilization of Various Microorganisms for Bioremediation of Hexavalent Chromium from the Environment: Recent Advances and Encouraging Future Prospects

In order to transform hazardous substances into their less harmful or nontoxic constituent elements, microorganisms are used in the remediation process known as "bioremediation." Any biological process that uses microorganisms such as fungi, algae, yeast, bacteria, or green plants, or the enzymes produced by the microorganisms, can restore the natural environment altered by heavy metal pollutants. Among the heavy metals, hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) is the most toxic pollutant in the environment. Several human activities are responsible for its release into the environment. The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics have a positive influence on the dissolution within the aqueous medium. Exposure to Cr (VI) may have an influence on both human health and the flora and fauna of the environment. Because of its mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, chromium (VI) is a much more hazardous substance than other chromium species, such as Cr (V) and Cr (III). Dermatitis, asthma, pneumonitis, and bronchiogenic cancer are all possible outcomes of chronic Cr (VI) exposure. The effective management of Cr (VI) to address concerns about public health is absolutely essential from an environmental point of view. This study focuses on the toxicity of chromium and its interactions with various strains of microbes, specifically examining how they might bio-reduce Cr (VI).