On discrepancy, intrinsic Diophantine approximation, and spectral gaps

In the present paper we establish bounds for the size of the spectral gap for group actions on homogeneous spaces. Our approach is based on estimating operator norms of suitable averaging operators, and we develop techniques for establishing both upper and lower bounds for such norms. We shall show that this analytic problem is closely related to the arithmetic problem of establishing bounds on the discrepancy of distribution for rational points on algebraic group varieties. As an application, we show how to establish an effective bound for property (τ) of congruence subgroups of arithmetic lattices in algebraic groups which are forms of SL 2 , using estimates in intrinsic Diophantine approximation which follow from Heath-Brown's analysis of rational points on 3-dimensional quadratic surfaces.