Development Level of Digital Government: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy Sets Based on 31 Provincial Capital Cities in China

The onset of the information era has accelerated the transformation of digital governance, establishing it as a critical component in the modernization of governance frameworks and capabilities worldwide. Despite considerable advancements in the field of digital government, regional disparities in development remain pronounced, emphasizing the necessity for a coordinated and effective approach. This study employs a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of fuzzy sets to assess 31 provincial capitals in China, aiming to discern the digital governance ecosystems that promote the development of digital governments. It is grounded in the TOE framework, which examines the dynamics among technological, organizational, and environmental factors. The results provide empirical insights into the architecture of digital governance, offering a detailed comprehension of performance levels and recommending specific policy directions to enhance digital government progression.