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Using multi-source observation data including automatic stations, radar, satellite, new detection equipment, and the Fifth Generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA-5) data, along with the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) platform, an analysis was conducted on a rainstorm process that occurred in Nanjing on 15 June 2020, with the aim of providing reference for future urban flood control planning and heavy rainfall forecasting and early warning. The results showed that this rainstorm process was generated under the background of an eastward-moving northeast cold vortex and a southward retreat of the Western Pacific Subtropical High. Intense precipitation occurred near the region of large top brightness temperature (TBB) gradient values or the center of low TBB values on the northern side of the convective cloud cluster. During the heavy precipitation period, the differential propagation phase shift rate (KDP), differential reflectivity factor (ZDR), and zero-lag correlation coefficient (ρHV) detected by the S-band dual-polarization radar all increased significantly. The vertical structure of the wind field detected by the wind profile radar provided a good indication of changes in precipitation intensity, showing a strong correspondence between the timing of maximum precipitation and the intrusion of upper-level cold air. The abrupt increase in the integrated liquid water content observed by the microwave radiometer can serve as an important indicator of the onset of stronger precipitation. During the Meiyu season in Nanjing, convective precipitation was mainly composed of small to medium raindrops with diameters less than 3 mm, with falling velocities of raindrops mainly clustering between 2 and 6 m·s−1. The rainstorm process featured four water vapor transport channels: the mid-latitude westerly channel, the Indian Ocean channel, the South China Sea channel, and the Pacific Ocean channel. During heavy rainfall, the Pacific Ocean water vapor channel was the main channel at the middle and lower levels, while the South China Sea water vapor channel was the main channel at the upper level, both accounting for a trajectory proportion of 34.2%.
Mao et al. (Mon,) studied this question.