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Emerging and re‑emerging infectious diseases pose significant challenges to animal and public health, and are aligning with global food security concerns. Anthropogenic activities, such as changes in climate, agricultural procedures and farming practices contribute to the spread of zoonotic infections in new geographical areas. Overall diagnostic quality and treatment options have improved over the past few decades. The re‑emergence of old and new lethal diseases, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza in animals and humans, along with recurring epidemics, is increasingly threatening different sectors, including the animal care industry and veterinary medicine. The rapid pace of the animal industry, environmental change and socioeconomic burdens are influencing and challenging veterinarians, farmers and epidemiologists in their capacity to survey and control the spread of diseases in animals, and signify the useful impacts on their livelihoods and environment. There is high research interest in engineering various types of drug‑loaded cues with multiple functionalities to tackle several infectious and non‑infectious diseases. Additionally, the issue can be resolved with international‑level awareness efforts, the deployment of proper design and reliable reporting standards, precise test protocols, and acceptance of the utilization of latent class models to account for, interpret and justify imperfect reference tests. The present review discusses the challenges and strategies for preventing and combating infectious diseases in livestock. Furthermore, the ongoing challenges are summarized, and future considerations, concluding remarks and recommendations are also provided for progress in the animal care and medicine sectors.
Ahmad et al. (Thu,) studied this question.