Selective Histopathology Examination for Circumcision Specimens: A Retrospective Observational Study

Background Circumcision is a widely performed surgical procedure all over the globe. This can be for religious, cultural, or medical reasons. Routine histological examination of circumcision specimens is a standard practice in many healthcare systems, despite the relatively low incidence of premalignant or malignant lesions. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the necessity of routine histopathological examination of foreskin specimens following adult circumcision. Secondary objectives included determining the frequency of malignancy in these specimens, comparing malignancy rates between clinically suspicious and non-suspicious cases, and assessing the correlation between preoperative clinical suspicion and histopathological findings. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the necessity of routine histopathological evaluation for the foreskin after circumcision. We investigated the frequency of malignancy upon histopathological examination, in clinically suspicious cases compared to non-suspicious cases. Method A retrospective observational study was conducted at the Royal Bournemouth Hospital, analyzing data from 334 consecutive adult male patients who underwent circumcision between January 2012 and December 2016. The cohort was retrospectively divided into two groups: those with preoperative suspicious clinical features and those without it. Clinical records on electronic patient records (EPR) were used for follow-up and to identify the percentage of malignancy after final histopathological examinations in both groups. Results Among the 334 patients, only nine patients (2.7%) were deemed as having suspicious clinical features preoperatively, of which, only three (0.9% of the total study sample) showed malignancy upon histological examination. The other six patients in this group were found to have balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). The other 325 patients (97.3%) were without clinically suspicious lesions preoperatively, and none were found to have any malignant lesions upon histopathological examination. Conclusion The low incidence of malignancy in circumcision specimens indicates that routine histological examination may not be essential for all cases. Among 334 samples, only three (0.9%) were malignant, and all were clinically suspected. Routine histopathological examination of the remaining 331 cases did not impact management or follow-up. Selectively submitting specimens for histology based on clinical suspicion could reduce opportunity costs and time, optimize resource allocation, and maintain appropriate diagnostic evaluation.