Induced polarization of clay-rich materials — Part 5: Influence of hyperalkalinity in bentonites

A total of 54 new core samples are built by mixing smectite-rich MX80-bentonite and Fontainebleau (silica) sand to study the effect of a hyperalkaline pore solution (including the presence of potassium) on the induced polarization properties of these mixtures. Two types of experiments are performed. In the first set of experiments, we perform induced polarization measurements 10 min after the preparation of the core samples (static experiments) for a broad variety of water contents and saturations. The second set of experiments is performed for over 1000 h to study the potential effect of illitization upon the induced polarization properties (time-lapse experiments). Indeed, the presence of potassium in the hyperalkaline pore solution favors the transformation of smectite into illite. Furthermore, we expect cation replacement (sodium replaced by calcium and potassium) in the smectite interfoliar pore network. For the static experiments, the relationships developed in the previous papers of this series regarding the dependence of the in-phase and quadrature conductivities on the water content and saturation remain valid. For the time-lapse experiments, we observe a decrease in the in-phase and quadrature conductivities over time. These trends can be fitted by a decaying exponential function. This behavior is explained by the kinetics of the illitization process and its effect on the cation exchange capacity of the material. Induced polarization appears therefore as a promising technique to monitor the effect of hyperalkaline solutions associated with the leaching of concrete and permeating a bentonite seal in deep geologic disposal facilities that could be potentially used for high-level and long-lived radioactive wastes.