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Load Frequency Control (LFC) plays a crucial role in controlling power exchanges within multi-area networks, ensuring grid stability in modern power systems. This study proposes a fractional calculus-based TFOID (Tilt fractional order integral and derivative) control for frequency regulation loops. The effectiveness of the proposed controller against existing control techniques such as Proportional Integral Derivative with Filter (PIDF) and Fractional-Order Proportional–Integral–Derivative (FOPID) has been assessed. The imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) has been utilized to find the optimal parameters of the controller. Five different case studies investigate LFC strategies in various scenarios within modern power systems. Firstly, it explores LFC under the high penetration of hybrid RESs in multi-area networks, examining the challenges and solutions associated with integrating a substantial amount of RESs. Secondly, the study delves into LFC in the context of power deregulation, navigating the complexities of competitive power markets where consumers have the freedom to choose their electricity suppliers. Thirdly, it investigates LFC models coupled with DC links, exploring the integration of direct current links to enhance frequency control strategies. Fourthly, the case study addresses LFC models tailored for single-area grids to the specific power requirements and challenges of regional power systems. Lastly, it examines LFC models in multi-micro grid scenarios, acknowledging the dynamic landscape of interconnected microgrids and their implications for frequency control. Statically data in terms of settling time, overshoot, undershoot, and fitness function validated the superiority of the proposed hybrid controller. The proposed controller reduces undershoot, overshoot, and settling time by approximately 90.91%, 66.78%, 49.40% and 78.89%, 50.49%,36.83% compared to the PIDF and FOPID controller in multi-load perturbation. Other simulated results in terms of Δ F1 , Δ F2 , and Δ Ptie also validated the excellence of the considered controller.
Amir et al. (Mon,) studied this question.