Impact of intra‐tumoral immunity on predicting response and survival after neoadjuvant cisplatin‐based chemotherapy in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer

Abstract Background Neoadjuvant cisplatin‐based chemotherapy (NAC) followed by cystectomy is the standard of care for patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Pathologic complete response (pCR) is associated with favorable outcomes, but only 30%–40% of patients achieve that response. The aim of this study is to investigate the role played by the Tumor and Immune Microenvironment (TIME) in association with the clinical outcome of patients with MIBC undergoing NAC. Methods Nineteen patients received NAC and were classified as pCR ( n = 10) or non‐pCR ( n = 9). Bulk RNA‐seq and immune protein evaluations using Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) were performed on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tumor biopsies collected before NAC (baseline). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluation focused on CD3 and CD20 expression was performed on baseline and end‐of‐treatment (EOT) FFPEs. Baseline peripheral blood was assessed for lymphocyte and neutrophil counts. Kaplan–Meier analyses and Cox PH regression models were used for survival analyses (OS). Results In the periphery, pCR patients showed lower neutrophil counts, and neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio (NLR) when compared to non‐pCR patients. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), gene expression analysis and protein evaluations highlighted an abundance of B cells and CD3 + T cells in pCR versus non‐pCR patients. On the contrary, increased protein expression of ARG1 + cells, and cells expressing immune checkpoints such as LAG3, ICOS, and STING were observed in the TME of patients with non‐pCR. Conclusions In the current study, we demonstrated that lower NLR levels and increased CD3 + T cells and B cell infiltration are associated with improved response and long‐term outcomes in patients with MIBC receiving NAC. These findings suggest that the impact of immune environment should be considered in determining the clinical outcome of MIBC patients treated with NAC.