Advancements in tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ) in the US: origin, American introduction, development, and improvement

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) originated in Europe and North Africa and has evolved significantly, with a plethora of distinct varieties tailored to different environments. Despite widespread cultivation in the United States (US) since the 1970s, challenges remain, particularly the presence of the endophytic fungus, Epichloë coenophiala, leading to animal health concerns and a subsequent decline in cultivation. However, coordinated breeding programs aim to develop endophyte-free tall fescue varieties, propelling the field forward. This comprehensive review offers valuable insights into the multifaceted world of tall fescue cultivation, from its historical roots to cutting-edge genetic engineering efforts, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation for this critical forage grass species in the US. Progress in improving the dry matter digestibility of tall fescue, increasing the genetic diversity of turf-type tall fescue, and using precision farming methods to maximize grassland productivity are highlighted in this review. Additionally, genetic engineering technologies for breeding tall fescue are reviewed, with an emphasis on creating varieties resistant to environmental stresses such as heat and drought. The difficulties and innovations in this field are also discussed.