Health risk assessment and contamination of lead and cadmium levels in sediments of the northwestern Arabian Gulf Coast

This environmental assessment focuses on the coastal sediments of the Al-Khafji area in the Saudi Arabian Gulf, with an analysis of the human health risks posed by lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination. Single and integrated indices were used to detect contamination and evaluate these metals' non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic impacts on adults and children through ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation pathways. Sediment quality guidelines and contamination indices indicated the absence of significant contamination levels. The moderate contamination observed in scattered samples did not imply adverse biological effects due to the presence of these two metals in Al-Khafji sediments. The average values of the chronic daily intake (CDI) for both Pb and Cd were higher in children than adults across all three pathways, with ratios of 9.4, 4.7, and 4.7 folds, respectively. The hazard index (HI) values for Pb and Cd were below 1, confirming that the sediments of Al-Khafji are considered acceptable and safe in terms of these potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The average lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values for Pb and Cd were higher in children compared to adults, with ratios of 9.3 and 9.4 folds, respectively. However, all detected LCR levels do not represent a potential carcinogenic health hazard. Nevertheless, a regular monitoring program aimed at detecting early signals of environmental health depletion is recommended.