Mutations of CYP1B1 and FOXC1 genes for childhood glaucoma in Japanese individuals

Abstract Purpose To explore the frequency and positions of genetic mutations in CYP1B1 and FOXC1 in a Japanese population. Study design Molecular genetic analysis. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from 31 Japanese patients with childhood glaucoma (CG) from 29 families. We examined the CYP1B , FOXC1 , and MYOC genes using Sanger sequencing and whole-exome sequencing (WES). Results For CYP1B1 , we identified 9 families that harbored novel mutations, p.A202T, p.D274E, p.Q340*, and p.V420G; the remaining mutations had been previously reported. When mapped to the CYP1B1 protein structure, all mutations appeared to influence the enzymatic activity of CYP1B1 by provoking structural deformity. Five patients were homozygotes or compound heterozygotes, supporting the recessive inheritance of the CYP1B1 mutations in CG. In contrast, four patients were heterozygous for the CYP1B1 mutation, suggesting the presence of regulatory region mutations or strong modifiers. For the FOXC1 gene, we identified 3 novel mutations, p.Q23fs, p.Q70R, and p.E163*, all of which were identified in a heterozygous state. No mutation was found in the MYOC gene in these CG patients. All individuals with CYP1B1 and FOXC1 mutations were severely affected by early-onset CG. In the CYP1B1- , FOXC1- , and MYOC- negative families, we also searched for variants in the other candidate genes reported for CG through WES, but could not find any mutations in these genes. Conclusions Our analyses of 29 CG families revealed 9 families with point mutations in the CYP1B1 gene, and four of those patients appeared to be heterozygotes, suggesting the presence of complex pathogenic mechanisms. FOXC1 appears to be another major causal gene of CG, indicating that panel sequencing of CYP1B1 and FOXC1 will be useful for diagnosis of CG in Japanese individuals.