(Invited) Degradation and Poisoning of Proton-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer Anode Catalysts

Hydrogen production through water electrolysis is a crucial technology to enable the transition to a carbon neutral, hydrogen-based economy. One of the primary types of electrolyzers is the low-temperature proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE). As with the analogous proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, platinum group metal electrocatalysts are utilized due to their activity and stability in acidic environment. Electrocatalysis R&D efforts for PEMWEs primarily focus on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) since it is several orders of magnitude kinetically slower than the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 1 Iridium-based metal oxides (IrO x ) are regarded as the best PEM electrolyzer electrocatalysts as they balance activity and stability. 2 However, improvements are needed in both areas to enable minimization of Ir loading to meet system cost targets while also meeting challenging performance and lifetime targets. 3 An understanding of the factors affecting both the activity and stability of Ir-based OER catalysts is needed to develop strategies to enable both high OER activity and long-term stability of the PEMWE anode catalyst. This presentation will describe our studies of the effects of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) binder on the OER kinetics and the factors influencing the stability of two commercial Ir-based OER catalysts, one comprised of IrO x only and the other also containing TiO x . Measurements of OER kinetics as a function of ionomer to catalyst ratio utilizing rotating disc electrode and cavity microelectrode methods in an acidic aqueous electrochemical environment will be described. Dissolution and loss of Ir under the operating conditions of the PEMWE anode is considered to be one of the main PEMWE anode degradation mechanisms. 4 To understand the factors affecting this phenomenon, the potential and time-dependence of Ir (and Ti) were determined using an electrochemical flow cell system connected to an inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) capable of detecting trace concentrations (<ppb) of dissolved elements in solution. The electrochemical data combined with the ICP-MS data have been used to evaluate the influence of various factors such as potential, potentiodynamic profile parameters (e.g., scan rate, upper and lower potential limits) on the dissolution processes in acidic aqueous electrolyte at room temperature. Acknowledgements This research is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office under the auspices of the H2NEW Consortium. Argonne National Laboratory is managed for the U.S Department of Energy by the University of Chicago Argonne, LLC, also under contract DE-AC-02-06CH11357. References A. Raveendran, M. Chandran, and R. Dhanusuraman, RSC Adv. , 13 (2023) 3843. J. Ouimet, J.R. Glenn, D.D. Porcellinis, A.R. Motz, M. Carmo, K.E. Ayers, ACS Catalysis , 12 (2022) 6159. "Technical Targets for Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis", U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, March, 2023. Zeng, R. Ouimet, L. Bonville, A. Niedzwiecki, C. Capuano, K. Ayers, A.P. Soleymani, J. Jankovic, H. Yu, R. Maric, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. , 169(5) (2022) 054536.