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This qualitative study employed a retrospective inquiry design to trace changes in the course of ethnic and racial identity (ERI) development of 20 African American college students (18-22 years old) attending a large, predominantly White university in the Midwestern United States. Through interviews, participants recalled life experiences that they considered crucial to their understanding of their own ERI in childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. Using longitudinal qualitative analysis, three distinct pathways of ERI development were identified:
Ho et al. (Thu,) studied this question.