Circulating Multiple Myeloma Cells (CMMCs) as Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Multiple Myeloma and Smouldering MM Patients

In recent years, liquid biopsy has emerged as a promising alternative to the bone marrow (BM) examination, since it is a minimally invasive technique allowing serial monitoring. Circulating multiple myeloma cells (CMMCs) enumerated using CELLSEARCH® were correlated with patients’ prognosis and measured under treatment to assess their role in monitoring disease dynamics. Forty-four MM and seven smouldering MM (SMM) patients were studied. The CMMC medians at diagnosis were 349 (1 to 39,940) and 327 (range 22–2463) for MM and SMM, respectively. In the MM patients, the CMMC count was correlated with serum albumin, calcium, β2-microglobulin, and monoclonal components (p < 0.04). Under therapy, the CMMCs were consistently detectable in 15/40 patients (coMMstant = 1) and were undetectable or decreasing in 25/40 patients (coMMstant = 0). High-quality response rates were lower in the coMMstant = 1 group (p = 0.04), with a 7.8-fold higher risk of death (p = 0.039), suggesting that continuous CMMC release is correlated with poor responses. In four MM patients, a single-cell DNA sequencing analysis on residual CMMCs confirmed the genomic pattern of the aberrations observed in the BM samples, also highlighting the presence of emerging clones. The CMMC kinetics during treatment were used to separate the patients into two subgroups based on the coMMstant index, with different responses and survival probabilities, providing evidence that CMMC persistence is associated with a poor disease course.