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Energy management involves the systematic monitoring, optimization, and control of an organization’s energy consumption to conserve energy and reduce associated costs. While conventional smart meters have some adaptive capabilities, ensuring continuous operation during outages and maintaining energy efficiency pose challenges for their power supply. This study focuses on the design and installation of a solar-powered, single-phase smart energy monitoring system. The objectives are to assess its real-time monitoring performance against a utility meter and evaluate its photovoltaic system. The design incorporates a 1000:1 split-core current transformer and the PZEM-004T, with power primarily supplied by a 15W monocrystalline solar panel and augmented by a 12V 7Ah lead-acid battery. Energy monitoring is further integrated with standardized electrical considerations to ensure safety. Results show acceptable percent errors within standard registration, with notably improved performance under higher loads. Specifically, the system demonstrates an average power error of 0.80% at 500W and 0.40% at 1500W in a residential setting and exhibits a 1.07% month-long accumulated energy error compared to a CA0.5 meter. Using the designed photovoltaic supply, the system can generate seven times more energy than it consumes and operate independently for up to 84 hours on battery power alone. Additionally, the monitoring system identifies voltage fluctuations in the dwelling. Further examinations could explore its potential for monitoring three-phase systems and industrial applications with higher loads.
Cruz et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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