Characterization of the stem cell landscape and identification of a stemness-associated prognostic signature in bladder cancer

It is accepted that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are key to the occurrence, progression, drug resistance, and recurrence of bladder cancer (BLCA). Here, we aimed to characterize the landscapes of CSCs and investigate the biological and clinical signatures based on a prognostic model constructed by genes associated with CSCs. The malignant epithelial cells were discovered and sorted into six clusters through single cell analysis. C2 was identified as the CSCs. The signaling involved in the interactions between C2, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and immune cells mainly consisted of MK, THBS, ANGPTL, VISFATIN, JAM, and ncWNT pathways. The CSC-like prognostic index (CSCLPI) constructed by the random survival forest was a reliable risk factor for BLCA and had a stable and powerful effect on predicting the overall survival of patients with BLCA. The level of CAFs was higher among patients with higher CSCLPI scores, suggesting that CAFs play a significant role in regulating biological characteristics. The CSCLPI-developed survival prediction nomogram has the potential to be applied clinically to predict the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival of patients with BLCA. The CSCLPI can be used for prognostic prediction and drug treatment evaluation in the clinic.