Sustainability considerations of nuclear power in space transportation and infrastructures

Abstract Nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) and nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) systems are considered to be potential enablers for exploring Mars and beyond. The fission surface power can provide continuous heat and electricity, which complements solar power on the Moon and Mars. Nuclear propulsion and power are attracting spacefaring nations and stakeholders again after the Space Race era due to their advantages and envisioned applications. This paper examines space nuclear power from a few sustainability perspectives. First, from the space logistics and transportation perspective, we identify potential operational regimes where nuclear space propulsion could complement or outperform chemical rocket propulsion. Second, we identify self-engineering technologies that may enhance the reliability of nuclear power systems in orbit or on the surface. Lastly, we discuss extraterrestrial infrastructures, inspired by the design approaches and technologies adopted in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, which could enhance the sustainability of nuclear power in space and contribute to the cislunar circular economy.